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BACKTRACKING THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOURCES OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY
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Plato
429-347 BC
Inventor of philosophic argument
Otherworldly, formal and a priori
concept of knowledge
"Patron saint of transcendental
theories of knowledge and especially ethics"
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Aristotle
435-350 BC
Student of Plato
Concern for intense detail of
natural phenomena, including those of thought,
language and psychology
Concern to protect knowledge of the
plural and multifarious world we live in
Like Kant, lover of categories -
laid down division of the sciences we use
Laid down categories that have
organized virtually all subsequent philosophical
thought (substance/accident, potential/actual,
matter/form, and categories of causes)
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Rene Descartes
1596-1650
French mathematician and founding father of
modern philosophy
"I think therefore I am"
Cartesian dualism - separation of mind and matter
(criticized by Kant)
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Immanuel Kant
1724-1804
German philosopher and founder of Critical
Philosophy; made first decisive break with
empiricism (empiricism ties knowledge to
experience; no a priori knowledge)
A priori
Categories of the mind
Idealism - reality is fundamentally mental inn
nature
Considered the greatest philosopher of last 300
years
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegel
1776-1831
German philosopher
Self-consciousness
Foundation for social philosophy (alienation,
master/slave morality)
Logic (dialectic materialism)
Freedom
History
Contradiction
History is progress toward freedom
Primary influence on Engels and Marx
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Friedrich Engels
1820-1895
German social philosopher
Collaborator of Marx
Born to prosperous, factory-owning parents
Collaborated with Marx on The Communist
Manifesto (1848)
Credited with shaping two major philosophical
components of Marxism:
Historical materialism and
Dialectical materialism
Main supporter of Marx and his family
Editor of Marx’s works
Wrote Anti-Duhring (1878), a materialist
rebuttal of the work of Eugene Duhring, one of
Marx’s rivals for influence in German socialist
circles
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Karl Marx
1818-1883
Founder of revolutionary communism
Introduced concept of alienation
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Capital (three volumes in 1867, 1885,
1893)
Base and superstructure
Dialectical materialism
Historical materialism
Labour theory of value
Marxism - a commitment to the exploited and
oppressed classes, and to the revolution that should
better their position
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Edmund Husserl
1859-1938
German mathematician
Principal founder of Phenomenology
Attempted to reconcile the subjective or
psychological nature of mental life with the objective
and logical content
Moved to form of transcendental idealism
Bracketing
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Martin Heidegger
1889-1976
German existentialist
Social critic
Educated in phenomenological tradition
of Husserl
Sein und Zeit (1927) translated to
Being and Time (1962)
Freedom
Existence in the world
Inauthenticity
Dread, guilt, destiny
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Sigmund Freud
1856-1939
Viennese founder of psychoanalysis
Postulated that an active process of repression
needed confronting and disarming
Model for the dynamics of the mind (ego)
Methods/theories adopted as official of the Frankfurt
School
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First Critical Theorists - the Frankfurt School
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Max
Horkheimer
1885-1973
Director, Frankfurt School, 1930-late 60s
Dialectic of Enlightenment
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Theodor W.
Adorno
1903-1969
German sociologist and political thinker
The Authoritarian Personality (1950)
Philosopher and musicologist
Dialectic of Enlightenment
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Herbert
Marcuse
1898-1979
One-Dimensional Man (1964)
Eros and Civilization (1955)
"Father of the New Left"
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Leo
Lowenthal
Pioneer in development of a
sociology of literature
Critic of mass culture
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Eric Fromm
1900-
Psychoanalyst
Escape from Freedom (1941)
The Sane Society (1955)
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Henryk
Grossman
1934-
Economist
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Freidrich
Pollock
1894-1970
Economist
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Antonio Gramsci
1891-1937
Italian communist
Social theorist
Prison Notebooks
Humanist Marxism
Hegemony
(Gramsci was not a member of the
Frankfurt School, although he lived at the same time.
He did have a major impact upn Critical Pedagogy.)
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Paulo Freire
1921-1997
Brazilian educator
Phenomenologist
Literacy training
‘Conscientization’ - consciousness-raising
Education - "banking concept"
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Jurgen
Habermas
1929-
Most eclectic modern Marxist - Marxism,
speech act theory, hermeneutics, Piagetian-Kohlbergian
developmentalism, Chomskyan linguistics, psychoanalysis
3 interests rooted in human nature:
1. technical
2. practical
3. emancipatory
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Raymond Williams
1921-
Foremost Marxist literary historian of his
generation
Open communication> genuine community
Adult education
Educational system perpetuates class system
Hegemony
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Critical Pedagogues -
following in the steps of the Critical Theorists |
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Henry Giroux
Educational critical theorist
Living Dangerously - Multiculturalism and the
Politics of Difference, 1993
Ideology, Culture and the Process of Schooling,
1981
Critical Pedagogy, the State and Cultural
Struggle, 19889
Theory and Resistance in Education, 1983
Education Under Siege, 1985
Postmodern Education, 1991
Border Crossings, 1992
The Hidden Curriculum and Moral Education,
1983
Education Still Under Siege, 1995
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Michael Apple
Educational critical theorist
Ideology and Curriculum, 1979
Education and Power, 1982
Cultural and economic reproduction in
education: essays on class, ideology and the state,
1982
Official Knowledge: democratic education in a
conservative age, 1993
The Curriculum: problems, politics and
possibilities, 1988
Ideology and practice in schooling
Teachers and Tests: a political economy of
class and gender relations in education, 1986
Schooling and the rights of children, 1975
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Peter McLaren
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Douglas Kellner
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Carlos Torres
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Kris Guiterrez
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